Financial Responsibility Program, Inmate – BOP Program Statement 5380.08

U.S. Department of Justice

Federal Bureau of Prisons

Program Statement

OPI: CPD/CPB

NUMBER: P5380.08

DATE: 8/15/2005

SUBJECT: Financial Responsibility Program, Inmate

RULES EFFECTIVE: 1/27/2000

1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE §545.10.

The Bureau of Prisons encourages each sentenced inmate to meet his or her legitimate financial obligations. As part of the initial classification process, staff will assist the inmate in developing a financial plan for meeting those obligations, and at subsequent program reviews, staff shall consider the inmate’s efforts to fulfill those obligations as indicative of that individual’s acceptance and demonstrated level of responsibility. The provisions of this rule apply to all inmates in federal facilities, except: Study and observation cases, pretrial detainees, and inmates in holdover status pending designation.

The Victim and Witness Protection Act of 1982, the Victims of Crime Act of 1984, the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984, and the Federal Debt Collection Procedures Act of 1990 require a diligent effort on the part of all law enforcement agencies to collect court-ordered financial obligations.

2. SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Significant changes in this revision include:

Provides instruction for documenting an inmate’s Inmate Financial Responsibility Program (IFRP) participation and progress at times other than regularly scheduled Program Reviews;
Implements quality reviews by region and institution staff; and
Replaces the word “contract” with financial plan.

3. PROGRAM OBJECTIVES

The expected results of this program are:

All sentenced inmates with financial obligations will develop, with staff assistance, a financial plan to meet those obligations.
Each financial plan will be monitored effectively to ensure satisfactory progress is being made.
Appropriate consequences will be incurred for inmates who refuse to participate in the Inmate Financial Responsibility Program or fail to comply with their financial plan’s provisions.
IFRP data will be monitored to ensure that staff are conducting quality reviews of the program.

4. DIRECTIVES AFFECTED

Directive Rescinded

P5380.07 Financial Responsibility Program, Inmate (1/3/00)

Directives Referenced

P2000.02 Accounting Management Manual (10/15/86)

P4500.04 Trust Fund/Warehouse/Laundry Manual (12/15/95)

P5100.07 Security Designation and Custody Classification Manual (9/3/99)

P5180.04 Central Inmate Monitoring System (8/16/96)

P5251.05 Work and Performance Pay Program, Inmate (12/31/98)

P5264.07 Telephone Regulations for Inmates (1/31/02)

P5280.08 Furloughs (2/4/98)

P5290.14 Admission and Orientation Program (4/3/03)

P5321.07 Unit Management (9/16/99)

P5322.11 Classification and Program Review of Inmates (3/11/99)

P5330.10 Drug Abuse Programs Manual, Inmate (5/25/95)

P5380.06 Cost of Incarceration Fee (8/11/99)

P5800.11 Central File, Privacy Folder and Parole Mini-Files (9/8/97)

P5803.07 Progress Reports (3/16/98)

P5873.06 Release Gratuities (8/6/03)

P5882.03 Fines and Costs (2/4/98)

P7310.04 Community Corrections Center (CCC) Utilization and Transfer Procedure (12/16/98)

P8120.02 FPI Work Programs for Inmates (7/15/99)

Rules cited in this Program Statement are contained in 28 CFR 545.10-11.

5. STANDARDS REFERENCED

American Correctional Association 4th Edition Standards for Adult Correctional Institutions: None

American Correctional Association 3rd Edition Standards for Adult Local Detention Facilities: None

American Correctional Association 2nd Edition Standards for Administration of Correctional Agencies: None

6. PRETRIAL, HOLDOVER AND/OR DETAINEE PROCEDURES

Procedures specified in this Program Statement do not apply to pretrial or detainee inmates. Bureau holdover inmates housed in Bureau jail facilities who are in IFRP “REFUSE” status will be held to the same FRP restrictions (e.g. lowest housing, no special purchases, not eligible for community-based programs, etc.), as if they were at the institution designated for them.

7. INMATE FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY PROGRAM (IFRP) COORDINATORS

The Administrator, Correctional Programs Branch, Central Office, will appoint a National IFRP Coordinator to act as a resource person for Bureau staff, other components of the Department of Justice, other law enforcement agencies, and the public.

Each Regional Correctional Programs Administrator will appoint a Regional IFRP Coordinator to:

act as a resource person;
monitor institution programs;
provide quality control within that region; and
review the biannual IFRP Discrepancy Report.

Each Warden will appoint an Institution IFRP Coordinator, ordinarily not below the assistant department head level, to monitor all applicable IFRP assignments for inmates in the institution and ensure that IFRP information is provided to inmates during the Admission and Orientation Program.

It is the Unit Manager’s responsibility to monitor all applicable IFRP assignments and payment activity in the unit, and to ensure that accurate IFRP information is reflected in the IFRP SENTRY Module.

8. PROCEDURES §545.11

When an inmate has a financial obligation, unit staff shall help that inmate develop a financial plan and shall monitor the inmate’s progress in meeting that obligation.

During an inmate’s initial classification, the Unit Manager will ensure unit staff cross reference the Judgment and Commitment Order (J&C) with the Sentence Monitoring Computation Data SENTRY transaction. If the sentence computation is not completed prior to the initial classification, unit staff will perform the cross check as soon as practicable, normally within 45 calender days of the inmate’s arrival. In the event of an amended J&C, or an additional J&C order, unit staff will review for any changes in IFRP status. Specifically, the Court of Jurisdiction, sentencing date, docket number, and financial obligations must be reviewed to ensure accuracy. After cross checking, any discrepancies will be communicated to the ISM Department for correction.

Staff will encourage inmates to satisfy their legitimate financial obligations at the time of commitment or subsequently to earn compensation through UNICOR or other institution work assignments.

The Unit Team may postpone a newly committed inmate’s participation in the IFRP until his or her first Program Review, if staff determine the inmate has limited financial resources. In ordinary situations, an inmate will be considered to have limited financial resources when he or she does not have enough institution earnings or trust fund account deposits to make a minimum IFRP payment of $25 per quarter. At the unit team’s discretion, inmates may be required to make their first IFRP payment prior to being approved for special purchase requests.

Developing a Financial Plan

At initial classification, the Unit Team shall review an inmate’s financial obligations, using all available documentation, including, but not limited to, the Presentence Investigation and the Judgment and Commitment Order(s). The financial plan developed shall be documented and will include the following obligations, ordinarily to be paid in the priority order as listed:

Special Assessments Imposed Under 18 U.S.C. 3013

A defendant’s obligation to pay a special assessment ceases five years after the date judgment was imposed.

Inmates who fail to pay their assessments during the five-year period become absolved of this responsibility. (18 U.S.C. § 3013 (c)) ‘No Oblig’ will be entered for those inmates whose special assessment has expired and they have no other financial obligations.

Court-Ordered Restitution

When the court imposes restitution in conjunction with a special assessment, the inmate and Unit Team may develop a financial plan for satisfying the restitution prior to the special assessment, provided:

Significant bodily injury to a victim occurred as a result of the offense; and/or
Significant loss or destruction of property to a victim occurred as a result of the offense; and/or,
The court, U.S. Attorney’s Office, or other law enforcement agency in the jurisdiction where the offense occurred has requested it.

When considering this option, staff should be aware that special assessments expire after five years and every effort should be made to collect the special assessment prior to its expiration.

If the J&C states that restitution is to be made directly to the victim, the payment(s) is still processed through the SENTRY IFRP module, and Financial Litigation staff will distribute the funds.

A defendant’s obligation to pay restitution ceases 20 years after the inmate’s release from incarceration for inmates convicted on or after April 24, 1996.

A defendant’s obligation to pay restitution ceases on a circuit-by-circuit basis for inmates convicted prior to April 24, 1996. (18 U.S.C. § 3613(b))

Fines and Court Costs

The court may establish a payment schedule or a deferred payment date to satisfy a restitution order or a fine. When the dates of the court-ordered payment schedule follow the period of incarceration, the financial plan should address any other financial obligations, while encouraging inmates to save funds to help meet future obligations.

A defendant’s obligation to pay a fine ceases 20 years after the date judgment was imposed for inmates convicted prior to April 24, 1996.

A defendant’s obligation to pay a fine ceases 20 years after the inmate’s release from incarceration for inmates convicted on or after April 24, 1996. (18 U.S.C. § 3613(b))

State or Local Court Obligations

These may include child support, alimony, etc. Unit staff must obtain documentation that demonstrates the inmate’s obligation. These documents may include a court order or judgement, or a letter with the inmate’s obligation from a state Child Support Enforcement Unit. This documentation may be obtained from the U.S. Probation Office, directly from the Court issuing the order, or from a state Child Support Enforcement Unit.

Other Federal Government Obligations

Fees imposed under the provisions of Cost of Incarceration (18 U.S.C. § 4001) will be paid before other financial obligations included in this category. Other obligations included in this category are judgments in favor of the United States, as well as such obligations as student loans, Veterans Administration claims, tax liabilities, Freedom of Information/Privacy Act fees, etc.

In accordance with 18 U.S.C. § 3624(e), any inmate who has a term of supervised release and a fine relative to the offense under which he or she was committed, must agree to adhere to an installment schedule to pay any remaining balance on this fine while under release supervision. Any inmate who refuses to comply with 18 U.S.C. § 3624(e) must remain in Bureau custody.

The inmate must sign and unit staff are to witness the Agreement to Adhere to Installment Schedule Agreement for Unpaid Fines (BP-S864.053 available on BOPDOCS and Sallyport) no later than 60 days prior to the inmate’s release from custody. The signed agreement is to be placed in the Inmate Central File (section 1) and copies forwarded to the appropriate records office and the Supervising U.S. Probation Officer. This form should not be completed for any other type of court ordered financial obligations, such as assessments, costs, restitutions, committed fines, or other types of obligations.

A consecutive sentence in which there is a court-imposed financial obligation does not relieve an inmate of satisfying that debt(s) prior to actually serving that sentence. He or she is to be placed in the appropriate IFRP status depending upon the Unit Team’s assessment of the inmate’s ability to pay based upon community resources and institution earnings. When staff are notified by the Courts, or an agent of the Courts, that an inmate is assessed interest on an obligation, staff will enter the total interest to be paid as a separate obligation only after the principal has been paid in full.

Absent direction from the court concerning when an obligation should be collected, payments may begin during an inmate’s period of incarceration. However, unit staff are to contact the U.S. Probation Office for clarification when it is unclear if the court-ordered obligation is to be paid while the inmate is in Bureau custody or as a condition of supervision. Additionally, if the J&C has a specific payment plan outlined, payments are to be collected according to the direction provided in the order.

Payment

The inmate is responsible for making satisfactory progress in meeting his/her financial responsibility plan and for providing documentation of these payments to unit staff. Payments may be made from institution resources or non-institution (community) resources. In developing an inmate’s financial plan, the Unit Team shall first subtract from the trust fund account the inmate’s minimum payment schedule for UNICOR or non-UNICOR work assignments, set forth below in paragraphs (b)(1) and (b)(2) of this section. The Unit Team shall then exclude from its assessment $75.00 a month deposited into the inmate’s trust fund account. This $75.00 is excluded to allow the inmate the opportunity to better maintain telephone communication under the Inmate Telephone System (ITS).

At each program review, when reviewing the inmate’s financial plan, the Unit Team must:

determine the total funds deposited into the inmate’s trust fund account for the previous six months;
subtract the IFRP payments made by the inmate during the previous six months; and
subtract $450 (i.e., $75 x 6 months, ITS exclusion).

Any money remaining after the above computation may be considered for IFRP payments, regardless of whether the money is in the inmate’s trust fund or phone credit account. The Unit Team has the discretion to consider all monies above that computation to adjust the inmate’s IFRP payment plan.

The Unit Manager is the determining authority when it comes to deciding whether an inmate’s IFRP payments are commensurate with his/her ability to pay. This decision is solely at the discretion of the Unit Manager and is to be decided on a case-by-case basis. Variations in what is considered a commensurate payment are expected and are appropriate since the determination of commensurate payments is based on individual circumstances.

Note: Once money has been transferred from the inmate’s trust fund account to the inmate’s phone credit account, this money may not be transferred back to the inmate’s trust fund account, except as provided for in the Trust Fund/Warehouse/Laundry Manual. If an inmate’s IFRP payment plan is adjusted due to a significant amount of incoming funds (above the $450 exclusion) being deposited in the phone credit account, the inmate is to be encouraged to refrain from additional deposits to the phone credit account to accommodate the new IFRP payments.

Ordinarily, the Minimum Payment for Non-UNICOR and UNICOR Grade 5 Inmates will be $25.00 per Quarter

This minimum payment may exceed $25.00, taking into consideration the inmate’s specific obligations, institution resources, and community resources.

Inmates Assigned Grades 1 through 4 in UNICOR Ordinarily will be expected to Allot not Less than 50% of their Monthly Pay to the Payment Process

Any allotment which is less than the 50% minimum must be approved by the Unit Manager. Allotments may also exceed the 50% minimum after considering the individual’s specific obligations and resources.

Inmates with available financial resources will be encouraged to make single payment amounts. For example, an inmate with a $100 felony assessment will be encouraged to make a one time single payment, provided the inmate has the financial resources to do so.

“Monthly pay” includes bonus and vacation pay. A recommendation for a lump sum award is to be forwarded from the detail work supervisor to the Unit Team to note the inmate’s IFRP status prior to forwarding it to the Warden.

IFRP payment plans for UNICOR inmates assigned grades 1 through 4 who earn less than $50 per month should be set up as single or quarterly trust fund withdrawals (the Unit Team is to determine the frequency of payments; however, payments should not be monthly unless they are outside payments) until the inmate earns at least $50 monthly in a UNICOR position.

The payment should be for no less than $25. When the inmate earns $50 or more per month, the IFRP payment plan should be changed to stipulate 50% of the inmate’s pay.

Payments May be Made in the Following Manner

Non-Institutional Payments

An inmate may use non-institutional (community) resources to satisfy a financial obligation. Ordinarily, these are “one-time” payments directly to the parties to whom the obligations are owed and are intended to satisfy obligations of significant amounts.

It is the inmate’s responsibility to ensure staff are provided with a receipt to confirm a payment from a community resource. This receipt must be furnished prior to the first of the month to ensure that they are credited like all other inmates. Cancelled checks or copies of court receipts are not sufficient documentation as they may be altered. The original receipt will be photocopied for the file and the staff who verified the copy from the original will sign and date the copy.

Furthermore, unless an original receipt is provided, the receipt for payment must be confirmed by unit staff with the appropriate law enforcement agency (U.S. Attorney’s Office, U.S. Probation Office, Clerk of Court, etc).

Institution Single Payment

When an inmate’s total financial obligation is $100 or less (for example, a Special Assessment) a single payment should be encouraged.

Institution Monthly/Quarterly Repetitive Withdrawals

Repetitive withdrawals from the inmate’s Trust Fund Account will be used for all inmates who elect to make financial payments from institution earnings. By using the SENTRY program, unit staff must indicate if the repetitive payment is to be made monthly or quarterly. Quarterly repetitive payments should be requested only from non-UNICOR and UNICOR Grade 5 inmates. Repetitive withdrawals for UNICOR inmates Grades 1-4 are discussed below.

Monitoring

Participation and/or progress in the Inmate Financial Responsibility Program will be reviewed each time staff assess an inmate’s demonstrated level of responsible behavior.

At these reviews, the IFRP payment plan status appears on the team sheet. The inmate’s degree of participation will be reflected on the Program Review Report by noting the following in the “FRP Plan/Progress” section:

the balance owed on the obligation(s),
the current financial plan,
the total amount deposited into the inmate’s trust fund account for the previous six months, and
whether the financial plan is being increased, decreased, or will continue at the same rate.

Each month, the IFRP Coordinator will review the IFRP SENTRY Module Transaction PIEA (Display or Print Expected Versus Actual Withdrawal Amount) transaction after the withdrawals have been completed. This transaction allows the user to display or print a list of inmates who paid less than the amount specified in the inmate’s financial plan.

The Unit Team may also use this information to determine if an inmate needs to be placed in “Refuse” status or if the inmate needs to be counseled.

The IFRP Coordinator will forward a copy of this transaction to each Unit Manager, who will ensure appropriate action is taken regarding inmates whose actual payments where less than expected.

When preparing a progress report, a statement as to what progress the inmate made during his/her incarceration on court ordered obligations must be included. Unit staff may make positive comments regarding the inmate’s FRP participation.

Effects of Non-participation

Refusal by an inmate to participate in the financial responsibility program or to comply with the provisions of his financial plan ordinarily shall result in the following:

Where applicable, the Parole Commission will be notified of the inmate’s failure to participate;

The inmate will not receive any furlough (other than possibly an emergency or medical furlough);

This restriction does not apply to inmates requiring medical furloughs and inmates with “OUT” or “COM” custody who are transferring from one institution to a minimum security level institution via an unescorted transfer.

The inmate will not receive performance pay above the maintenance pay level, or bonus pay, or vacation pay;

The Unit Team is to consider institution needs, particularly for skilled workers. Such needs may require that an inmate with a financial obligation be assigned to a lower paying, non-UNICOR work assignment. The Unit Team considers this when developing the inmate’s financial plan. An inmate working above the maintenance pay level who fails to make satisfactory progress on his or her payment plan is to be reduced to maintenance pay.

The inmate will not be assigned to any work detail outside the secure perimeter of the facility;

Additionally, inmates will not be permitted to participate in activities outside the secure perimeter, such as speaking engagements.

The inmate will not be placed in UNICOR. Any inmate assigned to UNICOR who fails to make adequate progress on his/her financial plan will be removed from UNICOR, and once removed, may not be placed on a UNICOR waiting list for six months. Any exceptions to this require approval of the Warden;

The Unit Team may recommend an inmate for priority placement in UNICOR to assist in paying a significant financial obligation. Ordinarily, an inmate will not be recommended for priority placement unless he or she has obligations totaling at least $1,000 and limited outside resources.

The inmate shall be subject to a monthly commissary spending limitation more stringent than the monthly commissary spending limitation set for all inmates. This more stringent commissary spending limitation for IFRP refuses shall be at least $25 per month, excluding purchases of stamps, telephone credits, and, if the inmate is a common fare participant, Kosher/Halal certified shelf-stable entrees to the extent that such purchases are allowable under pertinent Bureau regulations;

Inmates in IFRP “REFUSE” status will not be permitted to spend more than $25 per month in commissary, excluding purchases of stamps and telephone credits. Staff will not approve any special purchase item request(s) for inmates in IFRP “REFUSE” status, except for purchases of Kosher/Halal certified shelf-stable entrees for those inmates verified as common fare participants.

The inmate will be quartered in the lowest housing status (dormitory, double bunking, etc.);

The inmate will not be placed in a community-based program;

The Unit Team is to consider the inmate’s participation in the IFRP as an important factor when determining Community Corrections Center (CCC) placement.

The inmate will not receive a release gratuity unless approved by the Warden.

When a non-participating inmate’s need for funds is exceptionally great, the Unit Team may recommend to the Warden that a gratuity be given.

The inmate will not receive an incentive for participation in residential drug treatment programs.

Incentives are defined as early release, financial awards, maximum CCC placement consideration, and local institution incentives. Staff are referred to the Drug Abuse Programs Manual for limitations, guidelines, and eligibility criteria.

The inmate’s score on “Responsibility” on the Custody Classification form (BP-338), is to be zero, in accordance with the Security Designation and Custody Classification Manual Program Statement.

9. SENTRY REQUIREMENTS

Unit staff are responsible for entering data into the IFRP SENTRY module accurately pursuant to the IFRP SENTRY Technical Reference Manual. After an inmate signs a payment plan, unit staff will forward the original signed copy to the institution’s OFM.

The Unit Team must enter an appropriate IFRP assignment into SENTRY no later than initial classification, and review that assignment at all subsequent regularly scheduled Program Reviews. Unscheduled reviews (when an inmate’s IFRP status changes in between Program Reviews) will be documented on the Inmate Activity Record or in memo format and filed in section 1 of the Inmate Central File. The IFRP assignments are:

UNASSG

“Unassigned” is entered into SENTRY automatically when an inmate is committed to federal custody. At initial classification, this assignment must be converted to another assignment, based on the payment plan the Unit Team developed and the inmate’s willingness to participate.

NO OBLG

“No Obligation” is entered for an inmate when there is no documented financial obligation. This category is also used for an inmate who has no financial obligation payable while in Bureau custody (e.g., An inmate receives a $50 assessment which the Judge remits or waives, and a $2,000 fine due while on supervised release). “NO OBLG” will also be entered for inmates whose financial obligations have expired due to time limitations.

PART

“Participates in Program” is entered for an inmate who agrees to pay, signs an agreement, and is making payments towards his or her financial obligation(s). This assignment will also include inmates who have agreed on their payment plan to make a payment at a future date.

In the case of initial commitment only, “PART” may be assigned to an inmate pending receipt of the first scheduled payment; however, that payment must be made and confirmed by staff normally within three months, but no later than six months (depending upon the quarterly payment cycle). For all other inmates, the status of “PART” is to be reviewed in accordance with the payment plan or, at a minimum, every six months.

REFUSE

“Refuses to Participate in Program” is entered immediately when an inmate verbally refuses to participate in the program. Subsequent to the initial classification, at any time the Unit Team discovers the inmate is not making the agreed-upon payment(s), it is their discretion to place the inmate into IFRP “REFUSE” status and do the following:

Notify the inmate of the change in IFRP status, once the change is made.
Discuss with the inmate the consequences of being placed in “REFUSE” status, and that consequences will begin immediately.
Unit staff are to document that the inmate has been notified and counseled on the change of IFRP status in the Inmate Activity Record as soon as practicable.

Each month, no later than five business days prior to payroll submission, the Institution IFRP Coordinator must produce a roster of inmates in “REFUSE” status and distribute it to:

all Department Heads;
the Associate Warden of Programs; and
the Performance Pay Coordinator.

It is the Performance Pay Coordinator’s responsibility to ensure these inmates do not earn above maintenance pay or earn bonus pay or vacation. Additionally, an inmate who is in “REFUSE” status and assigned to work more than one detail will not earn above maintenance pay for his or her total combined earnings from each work assignment.

Once an inmate has been placed in “REFUSE” status, the inmate must demonstrate a willingness to continue participation in the program.

EXEMPT TMP

“Temporarily Exempt from Participation” will be entered for an inmate who is unable to participate adequately toward satisfaction of the obligation, ordinarily because of medical or psychological restrictions which prevent the inmate from working. This assignment is at the Unit Team’s discretion and may also be used for an inmate who is unable to secure employment in UNICOR or advance beyond maintenance pay due to conditions beyond the inmate’s control (overcrowding, institution need, limited financial resources, special circumstances, etc.).

Additionally, at initial classification, the Unit Team may place newly committed inmates who have limited financial resources in IFRP “EXEMPT TMP” status until their first program review, when unit staff determine that the inmate has limited financial resources. However, in all cases, staff must also consider the inmate’s ability to participate by using non-institutional (community) resources prior to placing the inmate in “EXEMPT TMP” status.

The Unit Team must review each inmate’s “EXEMPT TMP” status at the inmate’s program review. The Unit Manager will review and document the Unit Team’s decision on the Program Review Report when the inmate is continued in this assignment.

COMPLT

“Completed the Program” will be entered for an inmate who has totally satisfied all financial obligations ordered payable during incarceration.

10. COURT APPEALS

When an inmate’s sentence of imprisonment is modified or corrected, absent any statement to the contrary in the new sentencing order, any prior court-ordered financial obligation(s) remain in effect and should be collected pursuant to this Program Statement’s provisions. This Program Statement’s provisions also apply regardless of whether an inmate is appealing his or her sentence, unless the court orders a “stay of collection” pending the appeal.

However, if there is a change in the modified court order that pertains to court-ordered financial obligations, unit staff will update the inmate’s financial plan to ensure that accurate information is entered in the IFRP SENTRY Module.

11. WITNESS SECURITY CASES

IFRP payments by Witness Security Cases must be processed in accordance with this Program Statement.

12. INSTITUTION SUPPLEMENT

Each institution will develop an Institution Supplement to:

Designate an institution IFRP Coordinator;
Outline UNICOR priority placement;
Explain any procedures necessary to develop or monitor the institution IFRP program; and
Specify the date of the month on which the IFRP Refuse roster will be accessed to ensure that non-participating inmates are not receiving performance pay above the maintenance pay level.

A copy of the Institution Supplement is to be forwarded to the respective Regional Correctional Programs Administrator.

/s/

Harley G. Lappin, Director

Financial Responsibility Program, Inmate – BOP Program Statement 5380.08 Download

Published Feb 8, 2025 by Christopher Zoukis, JD, MBA | Last Updated by Christopher Zoukis, JD, MBA on Feb 19, 2025 at 2:49 pm